Comparing the thermodynamic data of the halogens and the noble gases, taking into account the energy quantization, it becomes clear that for the halogens the additional storages for the thermal energy are due to the chemical bonding. While only the translational levels occur in the noble gases, the halogens can additionally store thermal energy on the rotational and vibrational energy levels.
We can assess the chemical bond with energy aspects as well as with force aspects. The two views represent two different interpretations of the bonding phenomena, which indeed are different but not independent of one another. In the following, we will look more closely at the force aspects of chemical bonding and elaborate the typical of these forces, which we find not only in nonpolar atomic bonding, but also in all other types of chemical bonding such as polar atomic bonding, ionic bonding, van der Waals bonding , Hydrogen bonding ....

All particles / quantum objects capable of chemical bonding can interact with each other electromagnetically. Since such objects are usually composed of both positive and negative charges, there are always both repulsive and attractive forces, ie, interactions which can increase or decrease the distance of the particles, depending on which component is stronger. At a relatively large distance, the attractive effect always predominates, and the repulsive effect at very small intervals. In between there is a distance, namely the equilibrium distance, at which both effects compensate each other. If the particles are at equilibrium, a force-free state is present.

The equilibrium distance is also called the bond distance, but from the force-freedom of this state one can not now conclude that no forces would occur in the chemical bond. If this distance is reduced by any external influence, the repulsive forces increase and try to prevent or mitigate the external influence. If the distance is increased by external influence, the attractive forces become larger and try to keep the external influence small. The binding system always strives to return to equilibrium. The bonding forces are therefore more clearly denoted as restitution forces. They ensure that particle ensembles form an inner cohesion as well as that the matter does not completely collapse.

In everyday life, both repulsive and attractive effects of chemical bonding are of equal importance. If we use natural or artificial stones to build houses, cathedrals or even bridges, we use the repulsive effect of chemical bonding. If we put horses or oxen on the drawbar of a wagon, when we moor boats or ships in the harbor with ropes, we use the attractive forces of the particles in the drawbar or ropes.
If we press water with the gravity or with electric pumps into our drinking water pipes, we use the repulsion forces. If we pump the ground water or oil from deeper layers with pumps, the attracting forces between the particles ensure a non-breaking flow.

Large restoring forces are generally found when the equilibrium distance is short. Since large restoring forces, according to the rule of force, lead to large distances between the energy levels and subsequently to small entropies, we can see a link between the entropy and the chemical bond: strong bonding means small entropy. However, this relationship is initially only valid for the vibrational part of the entropy.
But let us look again at the formulas in Section 2.4:

The large restoring forces enter into the counter of the vibration formula over the force constant f, resulting in large level distances and as a consequence a small proportion of vibrational entropy at standard temperature.
In the rotation formula we find the bond distance r in the denominator, even in the second power. A shorter bond distance leads to a larger rotational constant, that is, to greater distances of the rotational energy levels and as a consequence to a smaller rotational entropy proportion at standard temperature. In classical terms, a large force constant means a faster oscillation and - via the larger rotational constant - a faster rotation.

Although we proceed from negligible forces between the particles in the noble gases, similar conditions still exist. As a rule, the gas particles are trapped in a container and are subjected to compressive forces therefrom from the vessel walls. These have a direct effect on the translational enegy levels. If the compressive forces are increased to the gas, the distances between the translational energy levels become larger. If gases are not held in a container by the walls but, for example, by gravitation as in planetary atmosphere, we know that there is a hydrostatic pressure in the gas atmosphere. Therefore, in the lower layers, larger compressive forces occur than in the higher layers. This also has an effect on the level intervals, which are also no longer equal in the entire gas space.

In order to recognize that the phenomena are nevertheless similar in the case of the translational states as in the case of rotational and vibrational states, the following consideration helps us:
We have always compared the vibrational and rotational states of different substances at the same temperature. This temperature condition must also be met for the translational states. If we increase the pressure on a gas with a piston, the level differences become larger. But, in the case of translation, unlike rotation and vibration, the entropy in the gas does not change, however it does not become smaller as in other cases. This is due to the fact that with increasing pressure in the gas its temperature increases, but - this is also different in the case of the translational states - without its entropy increasing (see section 6.2). In order to maintain the comparable conditions, we should cool the compressed warm state at a constant volume, ie with a constant piston position, to the starting temperature. At this temperature reduction, however, the initially constant entropy decreases as well as the pressure, which still remains higher than the initial pressure. The entropy, however, has declined altogether, so that as well for the translational states we can say that the larger forces also lead to greater distances between the energy levels and smaller entropies at the standard temperature.
With the two programs Thermulation I and II one can clarify the conditions both on the model level and on the real level.