We restrict ourselves here to the effect of the volume work on gases, on the one hand to keep the introduction into this chapter simple, on the other hand also to work out the special position of the volume work within the thermodynamics.
In accordance with this requirement, the experiment is also kept particularly simple:
Using a gas syringe, a 50 mL air portion is compressed to 40 mL, then increased to 60 mL and finally compressed to 30 mL. These values can be read on the syringe. The piston sampler is provided with a pressure hose, through which a temperature measuring probe projects into the interior. The air volume in this supply line is not included in the above data.
Watch the short video:

Video: Volumen work on Gases

Have a look at the three measurements:

Although these values are far away from the theoretically expected results, they show the right tendency: 1. compression and expansion by the same volume amount result in opposing temperature changes, 2. compression shows a slightly larger change than expansion 3. In the case of the compression by twice the volume amount, the temperature change is slightly more than double. The deviation from the theoretical values is due to the fact that the volume work does not heat only the gas, but the piston as well. Theoretical values can be calculated by the program Thermulation II.

The purpose of this experiment was solely to present the phenomenon, in order to develop the peculiarity of the volume work. The value of this small series of experiments is to show that mechanical work, even if it does not contain any substantial friction parts, indeed has a temperature effect. Anyone can feel this effect when he is using a hand pump to pump his bike and feel that the pump is getting warm. In the case of the bike one could still think that the pump might be heated by friction. The fact that friction is not the cause, is well shown in this video. The particularity of this phenomenon becomes clear only when one deals with its interpretation, especially when one juxtaposes the classical and the quantum theoretical interpretation.

The classical interpretation approach assumes that the gas particles on the piston are not only reflected, but are additionally accelerated by the piston movement. Since, according to the classical idea, the higher particle velocity is associated with the higher temperature, this would be an approach to understanding the phenomenon. However, according to the classical view, the entropy in the gas would also increase. This is not the case, however, according to the known findings.

Animation with sound: Volume Work on Gases, Classical

A connection between particle motion and entropy is in contradiction to the tabulated entropy values. Thus the noble gas helium has a smaller standard entropy than the noble gas neon, although one assumes a larger particle speed for the helium in a classical way than for neon. It is also known from spectroscopic measurements that the ions in sodium chloride vibrate at a higher frequency than in potassium bromide. At the same time, however, potassium bromide has the larger standard entropy.
Let us therefore turn to the quantum theorem. If the entropy remains constant, it must be obvious that the number of occupied levels and all occupancy numbers remain constant. Without question, work on the gas has been carried out so that the thermal energy has increased in the gas. How can this be done? The Schrödinger equation provides the solution. But we do not have to solve them here in order to understand the phenomenon. If this change in the eigenvalues is made without the use of electrical alternating fields, it is possible that the particles do not change their levels and therefore the entropy remains constant.
Have a look at the following Animation:

Animation: Volume Work on Gases, Shelf model

The classical animation is helpful in that the electrostatic interaction between piston and gas particles can be understood. Since, however, the translational energy is quantized in the gas space, the particles do not become faster in the classical sense, but their energy state changes: without electric alternating fields they do not jump to a higher level, instead they are raised together with their energy levels. This also increases the half-value energy, that is, the temperature increases.

A laboratory atomizer, which is designed to moisten a chromatogram with ninhydrin, can be combined with an electric laboratory pump to a model experiment to the refrigerator. A felxible temperature measuring probe can be installed in the pressure hose between the pump and the throttle of the atomizer, and a second probe measures the temperature of the atomized atomizer.
It is thus possible to measure various working means and to interpret the different temperature drops with the thermal properties of the working medium.
Check out the next video:

Video: Model Attempt to the Refrigerator

Although water as a working medium has a large evaporation enthalpy, only a small amount of water vapor is present in the set evaporation equilibrium. The temperature reduction is thus only small. In the case of 2-propanone, the acetone, the equilibrium is more on the side of the product, that is, it evaporates practically completely, that is, much more particles are transferred endothermically into the gas state. This results in a greater temperature reduction.
Of course, there are other process steps in the overall process "refrigerator". This can be done with the fluid model with the following PDF file. With this simple model one can structure the complex processes very well.

PDF: The Refrigerator, Model Attempt and Interpretation with the Fluid Model.